Synergism between Lewy body and Alzheimer’s disease pathology differs by sex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are more common in men, while Alzheimer's disease (AD) is more common in women. Lewy body disease (LBD) and AD pathologies are highly comorbid and may be mechanistically linked. It remains unclear whether LBD and AD co-pathology manifest differently across sexes. Here, we investigated sex differences in associations of LBD with β-amyloid and tau. We also tested whether age at menopause modifies the relationship between LBD and AD pathology in women. METHOD: We used data from autopsied participants in the Religious Orders Study, Memory and Aging Project, and Minority Aging Research Study cohorts. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify LBD stage, β-amyloid, and tau. To capture cortical LBD pathology, LBD stage was dichotomized as neocortical-type/limbic-type vs. nigral-predominant/none. Linear regressions tested interactive effects of 1) sex and LBD on AD pathology in the entire sample and 2) age at menopause and LBD on AD pathology among female participants who reported natural menopause, adjusting for age at death and APOE4. RESULTS: We included N = 1,798 participants (mean (SD) age at death = 89.5 (6.74) years, N (%) female = 1,225 (68.1)). Between sexes, men exhibited more LBD pathology after adjusting for β-amyloid and tau (β = 0.31, p = .02), while women showed a greater burden of both β-amyloid (β = -0.10, p = .002) and tau (β = -0.08, p = .01) after adjusting for LBD. There was an interaction between sex and LBD on tau but not β-amyloid, such that women with LBD had more tau than men with LBD after adjusting for β-amyloid (male sex*β-amyloid: β = 0.03, p = .7; male sex*tau: β = -0.16, p = .03; Figure 1). In women with natural menopause, age at menopause modified the association of LBD with tau, such that women with earlier menopause had greater tau burden in the presence of LBD (β = -0.03, p = .003; Figure 2). Post hoc analyses showed that the interactions between 1) sex and LBD on tau and 2) age at menopause and LBD on tau were driven mainly by neocortical-type LBD and not limbic-type LBD. CONCLUSION: LBD pathology might have a more pronounced impact on tau vulnerability in women than men. Female hormonal processes may further modify the relationship between LBD pathology and tau.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".