Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the early development of cultural variations in audiovisual speech perception in infancy. Focusing on the McGurk effect, we examined the audiovisual speech integration in 6- to 12-month-old infants from Canadian (N = 55) and Chinese (N = 80) cultural contexts. Infants were presented with auditory syllables paired with videos of a female face articulating syllables in a "moving-still-moving-still" pattern, designed to elicit alternating auditory percepts should the integration occurred. We recorded infants’ looking time to index their auditory perception and found robust audiovisual integration in Canadian infants from 6 months. By contrast, Chinese infants exhibited a more protracted developmental pattern, showing developmental changes in integration capacity over the same age range. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that the presentation of other-race faces differentially impacted the integration performance across cultures. These findings coincided with notable differences in caregiving practices, where Canadian infants predominantly experienced nuclear family care, whereas Chinese infants received more extended family care. These findings suggest that cultural variations in audiovisual integration emerge early in infancy and may be influenced by early social experiences, particularly caregiving styles. The observed divergence aligns with previous research on older populations, indicating that cultural differences in audiovisual speech perception manifest early and persist into adulthood. This study highlights the importance of cultural context in understanding the development of multisensory speech perception, with implications for theories of language acquisition, early identification of atypical development, and the design of culturally sensitive language education programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.405 | 0.246 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".