Toxic Effects of Phorate 10% CG on the Biochemical Parameters of Snakehead Fish Channa Punctatus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the biochemical and genotoxic effects of the organophosphate insecticide phorate (10% CG) on the freshwater fish Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (1/10th of 96h LC50) of phorate, and the acute toxicity was assessed using static and continuous flow-through methods over 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The calculated LC50 values were 0.825, 0.725, 0.713, and 0.60 ppm for the static method, and 0.572, 0.55, 0.50, and 0.425 ppm for the flow-through method. Biochemical analyses were performed on the liver, gill, muscle, kidney, and brain to evaluate the impact of phorate exposure on glycogen, protein, DNA, and RNA content. The results indicated significant reductions in glycogen and protein levels across all tissues, with the liver and muscle showing the most notable declines, suggesting a dose-dependent impairment of carbohydrate and protein metabolism. A similar trend was observed for DNA and RNA content, with the liver and muscle tissues exhibiting the most substantial decreases, highlighting potential genotoxic effects of phorate. These findings underscore the harmful impact of phorate on the metabolic and genetic stability of Channa punctatus and emphasize the need for stringent monitoring and regulation of pesticide usage in aquatic ecosystems to prevent long-term ecological damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".