Non-Conventional fuels from thermocatalytic pyrolysis of waste tube rubber using SiO2 as catalyst
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Several strategies have been adopted to extend the lifespan of tires, approximately 1.5 billion tires at their end of life are added to the environment every year, generating millions of tons of polymeric wastes, causing serious environmental and disposal issues. • Pyrolysis offers a promising solution to convert waste tires into potential fuels and chemicals. Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis is a well-established process that aims for material, energy or chemical product recovery. The demand and need for the use of materials like scrap tubes and rubbers for producing useful products is a valuable consideration for this kind of waste that in turn may minimize the dependency on natural resources. • In the current study optimization of parameters such as temperature, time and catalyst weight for catalytic pyrolysis of isobutylene-isoprene rubber into liquid fuel in the presence of Silicon Dioxide (SiO 2 ) as catalyst is reported. A maximum rubber conversion into oils was obtained at optimized conditions of 350 °C temperature, 1.5 g of catalyst (SiO 2 ) for an hour heating time. The obtained pyrolyzed products were subjected to several physical and chemical tests. Reported results confirm the presence of 30 % of aliphatic hydrocarbons, 25 % polar hydrocarbons and 40 % aromatic hydrocarbons. The distillation data indicates that oil obtained is a mixture of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons as that of diesel and may be used as an alternative fuel. Large quantities of used rubber material, mostly from vehicle scrap tires and tube rubbers, are discarded every year, causing environmental problems of great concern and representing a tough challenge for waste management bodies around the world. Various ways to remediate the issues have been proposed and applied from time to time. Pyrolysis offers a promising solution to convert waste tires into potential fuels and chemicals. Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis is a well-established process that aims for material, energy or chemical product recovery. The demand and need for the use of materials like scrap tubes and rubbers for producing useful products is a valuable consideration for this kind of waste that in turn may minimize the dependency on natural resources. Inner tube rubber, which is mainly made of isobutylene-isoprene, poses a hazard to the environment. However, there is also an opportunity to turn this waste product into a valuable energy source. In the current study optimization of parameters such as temperature, time and catalyst weight for catalytic pyrolysis of isobutylene-isoprene rubber into liquid fuel in the presence of Silicon Dioxide (SiO 2 ) as catalyst is reported. A maximum rubber conversion into oils was obtained at optimized conditions of 350 °C temperature, 1.5 g of catalyst (SiO 2 ) for an hour heating time. The obtained pyrolyzed products were subjected to several physical and chemical tests. Reported results confirm the presence of 30 % of aliphatic hydrocarbons, 25 % polar hydrocarbons and 40 % aromatic hydrocarbons. The distillation data indicates that oil obtained is a mixture of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons as that of diesel and may be used as an alternative fuel.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it