Presence or absence of a planktonic egg and larval stage affects the intertidal recruitment of Littorina species (Gastropoda) during very strong El Niño events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Life history traits affecting dispersal ability could affect species’ responses to climate change. Size-specific abundances of 4 NE Pacific Littorina snail species (2 with planktonic eggs and larvae [planktonic development, PD] and 2 with direct development [DD] from attached egg masses) were compared on 2 rocky intertidal sites near Bamfield on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, between 1994 and 2021. Two very strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events (1997/1998 and 2015/2016) were followed by large, significant increases in recruitment of 2 PD species. By contrast, the juvenile recruitment of the common DD species showed varied responses to the first event and a large, significant decrease during the second event. Four hypotheses explaining the effect of the developmental mode on recruitment after very strong El Niño events were evaluated. Two of these hypotheses, (H1) interspecific competition and (H2) selective predation of the thin-shelled DD species by a temporarily invading lined shore crab from southern Oregon, USA, were rejected. Alternative hypotheses were that the larval supply and/or juvenile survival of the PD species increased because of (H3) higher summer sea surface temperature (SST) or (H4) stronger winter poleward currents and higher minimum winter SST. H4 was strongly supported by the significant positive ‘slope’ coefficients for the covariate ‘previous February SST’ within multivariate autoregressive state-space models of the July and December juvenile PD count anomalies. The northward winter Davidson surface current is faster and warmer during very strong El Niño events, which may increase the larval transport and subsequent intertidal recruitment of the PD species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".