Thermal stability enhancement in perovskite solar cells using W-doped ZnO/single crystalline anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle bilayer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The interface between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the perovskite layer is essential for fabricating efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, we introduced a bilayer ETL of W-doped ZnO and single crystalline anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles (average diameter = 6–10 nm) to mitigate the degradation between W-doped ZnO ETL and MA-containing perovskite layer. After 12 h of annealing at 85 °C, the perovskite grown on the bilayer exhibited strong perovskite peaks, indicating a significant slowdown in decomposition. Moreover, the bilayer device demonstrated superior thermal stability, retaining over 60% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 24 h of annealing, while the W-doped ZnO single-layer device lost all efficiency. PSCs with the W-doped ZnO/Anatase TiO 2 bilayer achieved PCE of 16.63%, compared to 11.88% for the W-doped ZnO single layer. This bilayer application offers a promising pathway for improving both the efficiency and stability for perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".