Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain considers how British and foreign youngsters affected the waging of war, not only as stalwart camp followers, boy soldiers, patriotic civilians and bereaved victims, but also as evocative images of innocence, inability, and dependence. Though victimhood might jump most readily to mind when thinking about how war affected young people, it is only a small part of the picture. The Seven Years War and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars influenced how children played, learned, worked, and perceived the world around them, regardless of whether they were in the heart of the battle or far from the action. Young people resisted adult conceptions of war that marginalized them and considered them useless. Viewed from a juvenile perspective, war was sometimes safer than peace, and better refuge might be found with enemy soldiers than British civilians. Though many histories of eighteenth-century childhood consider the impact of the Enlightenment, they pay little attention to war. Despite recent interest in the degree to which war penetrated civilian life and vice versa, children remain largely invisible. In using wartime accounts of children as a prism, this book addresses neglected aspects of the history of childhood and military history from the 1750s to the 1830s. The same sentiments that set childhood apart as a distinct stage of innocence were used to marginalize youngsters’ war contributions or leveraged by the state to further military goals. The overall thrust of this monograph is that, in an era that purported to have a new appreciation of childhood, more young people were drawn into war.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".