Pregnancy and Childbirth Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Understanding the various outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is essential for initiating a cascade of preparatory steps to address them. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the pregnancy and childbirth outcomes of GDM. More precisely, the study retrospectively assessed singleton pregnant mothers diagnosed with GDM who gave birth at a tertiary hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran, between January 1st, 2020, and January 1st, 2022. Materials and Methods: To this end, pregnancy and childbirth outcomes were investigated, including the incidence of the need for induction of labor, placenta abruption, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), meconium fluid, fetal distress, methods of delivery, perineal lacerations, and postpartum hemorrhage. The other outcomes were childbirth injury, shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, low birth weight, congenital malformation, neonatal asphyxia, need for cardiac and respiratory resuscitation, transfer to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and newborn death. Results: The records of 7748 eligible mothers were included in the analysis. GDM was diagnosed in 1,087 (14%) mothers. Age was the only sociodemographic factor that significantly differed between GDM and non-GDM mothers. GDM mothers had a significantly higher risk of macrosomia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71–4.61, P<0.001), labor induction (aOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.72–6.95, P<0.001), instrumental delivery (aOR: 3.16, 95% CI: 1.51–3.87, P<0.001), IUFD (aOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.17–3.06, P<0.01), and NICU admission (aOR: 2.19, 95% CI: 0.99–3.82, P<0.01). Other common complications, such as cesarean section (CS), postpartum hemorrhage, shoulder dystocia, childbirth trauma, and extensive perineal lacerations, were not significantly different between GDM and non-GDM mothers. Conclusion: Despite the higher incidence of labor induction and instrumental delivery, no significant association was found between GDM and adverse maternal outcomes. Regarding neonatal outcomes, GDM was linked to macrosomia, IUFD, and NICU admission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".