The effects of self‐efficacy training on associative memory and brain function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are known to have declines in cognition greater than that expected for an individual’s age and education level but does not significantly interfere with daily functioning. Memory impairments during the early stages of MCI may predict conversion to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This impairment can be especially prominent in associative memory – the ability to learn and remember the relationship between two unrelated items. While age‐related memory impairments are often attributed to biological and physiological changes, psychosocial factors could also play a role. A notable psychosocial factor that may affect memory is self‐efficacy – an individual’s confidence in their ability to carry out actions to meet situational or domain‐specific demands. Despite previous research showing a relationship between enhanced self‐efficacy and improved memory performance in older adults, the neural correlates that may explain this relationship remain unclear. Therefore, we developed a six‐week self‐efficacy training intervention to examine its effects on memory and corresponding changes in functional brain activation among older adults with MCI. Method Twenty‐eight participants were randomized and allocated into either a memory self‐efficacy intervention (n = 14) or general education control group (n = 14). Over six weekly 1.5‐hour group sessions, participants attended either classes that focused on building memory self‐efficacy or general education covering factual and world knowledge. At baseline and endpoint measurements, memory performance and functional brain activation were assessed using an associative memory task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, while memory self‐efficacy was measured with the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. Post‐intervention group differences for each outcome measure were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Result We found changes in functional activation patterns during the associative memory task in the memory self‐efficacy training group as a result of the intervention. Specifically, key regions in the brain that are critical for associative memory performance were implicated, suggesting that memory self‐efficacy training can change the way we process and remember information. Conclusion This study provides insight into how psychosocial factors like self‐efficacy may influence age‐related memory impairments and AD progression, demonstrating self‐efficacy training's potential to enhance memory in at‐risk populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".