Bidirectional association between gait speed and cognition in community‐dwelling non‐demented older adults: A eight‐year longitudinal study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Slow gait speed and poor cognitions share numerous risk factors, including age, physical activities, chronic inflammation, education, metabolic abnormality, and the presence of multimorbidity. However, the causal relationship between gait and cognitions remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the reciprocal relationship of gait speed with global and domain‐specific cognition in non‐demented older adults. Method This study used data from four waves of Taiwan Initiative for Geriatric Epidemiological Research (TIGER, 2013‐2021) with biennial assessments of casual walking speed and cognitions. Global cognition, memory, executive function, verbal fluency, and attention were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment‐Taiwanese version (MoCA‐T), immediate and delayed recall, trail making test part‐A and part‐B (TMTA and TMTB), categorical naming task, and forward and backward digit span test, respectively. A cross‐lagged panel model (CLPM) and a linear mixed model were both used to investigate the bidirectional association between gait speed and cognitive function. Covariates included baseline age, sex, body mass index physical activities, higher education, physical activities, multimorbidity, smoking, Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ϵ4 status, family income, and marital status. Result A total of 459 adults with a mean age of 74.5 (standard deviation 5.2) were included, and 239 participants (52%) were female. After adjustments for potential confounders, faster earlier gait speed was associated with better subsequent global cognition (MoCA‐T: β=.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]=.014‐.55), memory performance (immediate and delayed recall: β=.10, 95% CI=.04‐.17; β=.09, 95% CI=.02‐.17), verbal fluency (β=.09, 95% CI=.007‐.18), and executive function (TMTA: β=.15, 95% CI=.047‐.26). Similarly, better earlier cognitions of MoCA‐T (β=.08, 95% CI=.019‐.15), immediate and delayed recall (β=.09, 95% CI=.00‐.17; β=.11, 95% CI=.033‐.19), verbal fluency (β=.08, 95% CI=.003‐.16), and executive function (TMTA: β=.17, 95% CI=.086‐.26) were associated with faster subsequent gait speed. The results of linear mixed models were consistent with findings from CLPM analyses. Conclusion We found reciprocal associations of gait speed with global cognition, memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. Early screening of gait speed and cognitive function helps identify individuals at risk and supports the maintenance of normal cognition and physical performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".