Formal education, household size and cognitive outcomes among Latino individuals: Data from the Skills‐Based Educational strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events in Orange County, Ca (SERVE OC) Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background In the United States, Latino communities are disproportionately impacted by Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRDs)1 with 11.1% and 5.3% living with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia due to ADRDs, respectively.2 Education is known to be associated with adults’ cognitive function; greater amounts of formal education predict lower risk of dementia in late‐life.3 The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is dependent on the educational level of participants, recommending a 1‐point correction for ≤12 years of education when scoring the assessment. However, additional adjustments may be necessary for minority populations with average education levels ≤12 years. Less is known about household size, as a proxy of social support, and cognition. In this study we aim to evaluate education and household size with cognitive outcomes of Hispanic/Latino self‐identifying individuals residing in Southern California. Methods Baseline data from the Skills‐Based Educational strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events in Orange County (SERVE OC) Trial were used (Grant Number P50MD017366). Study participants (n = 254) were restricted to individuals ≥18 years who self‐identified as Hispanic/Latino and completed the MoCA 8.3 in English or Spanish at baseline. MoCA scores were adjusted for education, per instrument protocol. Multivariable linear regressions estimated associations between number of household residents, education, and MoCA score, overall and by age (<50 and ≥50 years), controlling for gender and preferred language. Results Participants were an average of 46.8 years (SD = 13.99) with 49.2%≥50 years; 67.2% of participants were female and 64.5% had ≤8 years of formal education. Average MoCA scores were 22.20 (SD = 3.71) and 20.67 (SD = 4.62) for individuals <50 and ≥50years respectively. For individuals ≥50 years, having ≤8 years of formal education was significantly associated with lower MoCA scores (B = ‐3.22; p<0.05) and with number of household residents trending towards intact cognition (B = 0.578, p = 0.063). For individuals <50 years, number of household residents is a significant predictor of MoCA score (B = ‐0.618, p<0.05). Conclusion Understanding the impact of education and household size is important when assessing memory/cognitive outcomes of Latino individuals. Research is needed to better understand if/how the MoCA should be further adjusted in underrepresented populations and the impact of household composition and dynamics on cognitive impairment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".