Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Longitudinal Changes on Cognitive Health: A 10‐Year Follow‐up Study in Middle‐Aged Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been linked to cognitive functions, yet limited research has explored the longitudinal effects of changes in MS on cognitive performance. This study aims to investigate the predictive impact of longitudinal MS status on cognitive performance and dissect its sex‐specific influence over a 10‐year follow‐up. Method In this community‐based prospective cohort study, 766 healthy subjects underwent baseline MS status assessment between 2006 and 2011. Changes in MS status and cognitive performance were evaluated from 2016 to 2021 using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). MS change status was categorized into four groups: never MS, ever MS with improvement, newly onset MS, and persistent MS. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the impact of longitudinal MS changes on endpoint cognition status while controlling for covariates. Categorical variables were dummy‐coded, and sex‐specific effects were examined by reanalyzing the data divided by sex. Result Subjects had a mean age of 54.50 ± 8.03 years at baseline, with a mean follow‐up duration of 10.40 ± 0.79 years; 39.2% were men. The MoCA score in the persistent MS group was significantly lower than that in the never MS group (adjusted p = 0.020). However, no significant differences in MoCA scores were observed between the never MS group and the ever MS with improvement group (adjusted p = 0.759) or the newly onset MS group (adjusted p = 0.469). Further analysis of cognitive domains revealed that memory and language were the most significantly affected. In assessing sex‐specific effects, a significant association was found only in women, with no significant associations observed in men. Conclusion Persistent MS status contributes to cognitive decline over a 10‐year period, contrasting with the lack of impact in those with improving or newly onset MS status. This effect is particularly pronounced in middle‐aged women. The findings suggest that modifying MS status among middle‐aged individuals, especially women, may be beneficial in preventing future cognitive decline.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".