Audiometric hearing level in individuals with SCD, MCI and mild dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Hearing impairment is identified as a risk factor for dementia. This study aimed to investigate audiometric hearing level in individuals across the clinical spectrum of cognitive impairment, from normal cognition (NC) to mild dementia, encompassing subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method 135 participants were included in this study. There were 33 NC participants, 36 participants with SCD, 34 participants with MCI, and 33 participants with mild dementia. Demographic data was collected, along with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Cognitive Change Index to capture subjective cognitive complaints from patients themselves (CCI‐S) and their informants (CCI‐I). All participants underwent tonal audiometry to measure the best air‐conduction and bone‐conduction hearing threshold, speech recognition test (SRT) and word recognition score (WRS). Association of audiometric data and cognitive function and their differences between diagnostic groups were analyzed. Result The median age of all participants was 61.5 (IQR = 19) years, 77.2% were female, median years of education was 14.5 (IQR = 7) years. There were significant differences in age, education, and visual acuity among groups (all p<0.001) (Table). Air‐conduction and bone‐conduction hearing thresholds demonstrated significant differences between groups (all p<0.001), which the worst performance observed in the mild dementia group (p<0.001), even after controlling for age and education (p = 0.013). 63.2% of all participants were defined as having hearing impairment according to WHO criteria, peaking at 93.94% in mild dementia patients. Individuals with moderate hearing impairment demonstrated lower MoCA score and higher CCI‐I scores, compared to those with mild or no hearing impairment. The higher air‐conduction, bone‐conduction hearing threshold, SRT, WRS were significantly correlated with the lower score of MoCA (r = ‐0.47 to ‐0.36, all p<0.001) and a higher score of CCI‐I (r = 0.31 to 0.39, all p<0.001), but not the CCI‐S. However, these associations became insignificant after controlling for age (all p>0.05). Conclusion Our study indicates a link between diminishing audiometric hearing levels and a higher degree of objective cognitive decline, along with an increased level of informant perception regarding individuals' cognitive deficits. Not related to age or education, individuals with mild dementia display significantly worse hearing than those without.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".