Health-Related Quality of Life in Children 4-5 Years After Open Heart Surgery in Early Infancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is an important outcome measure in pediatrics. We aimed to determine HRQL of children who underwent complex cardiac surgery at age ≤6 weeks with follow-up at age 4-5 years. Methods: ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of 712 children who underwent CCS at ≤6 weeks of life, 119 (16.7%) died and 140 did not complete the HRQL questionnaire (for multiple reasons), leaving 453 of 593 (76.4%) survivors included. At 4- to 5-year follow-up, the PedsQL total score (mean: 79.5, standard deviation [SD]: 16.3) was significantly lower than that in the healthy normative population (mean: 87.4, SD: 12.7) and similar to that in children with chronic illness (mean: 76.0, SD: 19.3). Patients after single ventricle palliation had a significantly lower PedsQL total score (mean: 72.8, SD: 17.1) than that in patients after biventricular repairs (mean: 82.4, SD: 15.1). Independent risk factors for lower PedsQL scores consistently included single ventricle palliation, chromosomal abnormality, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and the number of noncardiac hospitalizations. Conclusion: The HRQL of children who underwent CCS in early infancy is lower than that of healthy children but similar to that of children with other chronic illnesses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".