A Mediation Appraisal of Neuropathic-like Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, and Central Sensitization-Related Signs in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis—A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the relationships among neuropathic pain (NP), pain catastrophizing (PC), and central sensitization (CS) in relation to functional status and radiological damage in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. This cross-sectional study included knee OA patients derived from an observational cohort. The Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the PainDetect Questionnaire (PDQ), Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). The Kruskal–Wallis test was employed to compare WOMAC scores according to CSI categories. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify predictors of functional ability, with the WOMAC score as the dependent variable and the independent variables including pain-related indices such as PCS, PDQ, and CSI, along with Kellgren–Lawrence (K-L) grading and demographic characteristics. Results. This study included 149 patients (76.5% female; mean age 71.5 years; mean duration of pain 8.1 years). In total, 23.5% exhibited NP, 30.9% showed PC, and 33.6% had CS. Higher mean values of WOMAC were correlated with CSI categories (p < 0.0001). WOMAC showed a significant relationship with CSI (rho = 0.791; p < 0.0001), PDQ (rho = 0.766; p < 0.0001), and PCS (rho = 0.536; p < 0.0001). In the multiple regression analysis, WOMAC was independently associated with CSI (p < 0.0001), PDQ (p < 0.0001), and PC (p = 0.0001). No association was observed between the K-L grading and the other variables. Conclusions. A reduced functional capacity in patients with knee OA is correlated with the presence of NP, PC and CS, without being significantly associated with radiological damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".