Pseudothecium development and ascospore discharge in Venturia asperata and V. inaequalis: relation to environmental triggers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Venturia asperata (Ascomycetes) was first described in 1975, as a saprotroph on overwintered apple leaf litter, and then, in 2007, as the cause of atypical apple scab symptoms on scab-resistant apple cultivars in southern France, and later in northern Italy and China. Information on V. asperata is limited. This study expanded knowledge by comparing development of pseudothecia and ascospore discharge in V. asperata and V. inaequalis. Leaf litters with pseudothecia of V. asperata or V. inaequalis were prepared, and a spore trap was placed above each litter. Over the 2-year study, pseudothecia of the two pathogens developed differently: V. asperata had delayed pseudothecium maturation and emptying in relation to degree day accumulation, compared to V. inaequalis. The ascospore release for V. asperata was also delayed, commencing and ending later than V. inaequalis. The delayed spore ejection and pseudothecium development of V. asperata compared to V. inaequalis may partly explain the late onset of symptoms in orchards during each growing season. These results have implications for plant protection strategies on scab-resistant apple cultivars, in particular under warm climates that occur in the Mediterranean region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".