Oxidizing ExoCAM: Introducing the Radiative Effects of Oxygen and Ozone into the ExoCAM General Circulation Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Oxygen and ozone are two of the most important gases in Earth’s atmosphere. These arose as a result of photosynthesis and appeared prominently around 2.3–2.4 billion yr ago. For exoplanets, these species have been proposed both as remote biosignatures and antibiosignatures, depending on the abundances and astrophysical context. ExoCAM, an extension of the Community Earth System Model for deep paleoclimate and exoplanets, has previously been limited to anoxic atmospheres. This work presents a substantial update to the radiative transfer in ExoCAM to include the effects of oxygen and ozone. We describe the implementation of line lists, empirical cross sections, Rayleigh scattering, and collision-induced absorption and test the resulting framework in 1D and 3D for the modern Earth atmosphere. We quantify the changes in flux, temperatures, and circulation due to the two gases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".