Chronic Radium-226 toxicity to and oxidative stress in the aquatic invertebrate <i>Chironomus dilutus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mining industry, including uranium mining and milling, is of high importance in Canada. It is, however, important to consider that ore processing can result in the creation of by-products that contain radionuclides such as radium-226 (226Ra). Even with the strict discharge regulations in place, there is limited evidence to suggest that the current Canadian regulatory thresholds for 226Ra are protective for aquatic life. This concern underscores the importance of generating toxicity data for 226Ra, as no federal Canadian water quality guidelines for 226Ra currently exist to safeguard aquatic ecosystems. The potential ecological risks of 226Ra are significant due to its high mobility under typical environmental conditions, long half-life (t1/2 ~ 1,600 years), bioaccumulative properties, and similarity to calcium (Ca2+). Considering this, the primary objective of this research was to gather data on the toxicity of 226Ra to the aquatic invertebrate Chironomus dilutus. For this purpose, a partial life cycle experiment was conducted, with larval growth, survival and pupation, and emergence and sex ratio of emerged adults, as the experimental endpoints. In addition, an assessment of oxidative stress as a potential cause of toxicity was performed. These experiments revealed that elevated activity concentrations of 226Ra (25.5 Bq/L) can significantly impact the growth of C. dilutus. However, none of the other nonlethal endpoints were significantly affected by 226Ra exposure, and there was no evidence of oxidative stress in exposed C. dilutus. Finally, 226Ra was shown to adsorb onto the silica sand used as a substrate for all experiments and desorbed following acid extraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".