Non-destructive analysis of archaeological amber from Iron Age Kerkenes in central Anatolia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Diverse amber inlays and beads discovered in various contexts at the Iron Age site of Kerkenes. • Spectral analysis confirms Baltic origin of amber samples found at the Kerkenes site. • FTIR spectroscopy reveals evidence of heat treatment and oxidation in amber specimens. • Amber oxidation patterns indicate prolonged exposure to humid and acidic environments. • European amber supply networks showed resilience transitioning from Late Bronze to Iron Age. The discovery of amber inlays from Kerkenes, an Iron Age settlement located in central Anatolia, represents one of the easternmost points in Anatolia where amber has been reliably retrieved from an archaeological excavation. Consequently, the provenance and transportation mechanisms involved in the procurement of these artefacts became a subject of inquiry. Utilising FTIR spectroscopy and stylistic analysis, the current study aims to answer those questions by investigating the provenance and physical conditions of the Kerkenes amber specimens. The results of spectroscopic analysis have indicated a Baltic origin for all analysed amber samples from Kerkenes. Moreover, the analysis has also hinted at the heat treatment and subsequent oxidisation of the samples. These findings, when considered alongside decades of archaeological investigations on amber in Europe, confirm that amber supply networks from the Baltic Sea to the Aegean and Black Sea regions exhibited a degree of resilience over time and/or underwent re-establishment during the period of Phrygian dominance in central Anatolia. Furthermore, a stylistic analysis of the amber and ivory inlays from the same context indicates a cultural association not only with Phrygian Gordion but also with the broader regional cultural horizons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".