Performance investigation of a solar-assisted ground source heat pump system coupled with novel offset pipe energy piles and solar PVT collectors for cold climate applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Long-term performance evaluation of a solar-assisted ground source heat pump system. • Optimum system operating mode is subjective to the load and climate conditions. • Solar thermal integration significantly improves the heat pump performance. • Ground thermal imbalance can be avoided by properly sizing the solar collectors. • Properly sized solar photovoltaic/thermal collectors allow system self-sufficiency. Ground source heat pumps are an efficient and environmentally friendly technology for heating and cooling. However, high capital costs and ground thermal imbalance, especially in cold climates, are among the reasons hindering their widespread use. To address these challenges, this study proposes and numerically investigates the long-term performance of a solar-assisted ground source heat pump system using a novel offset pipe energy foundation pile as the ground heat exchanger coupled with solar photovoltaic/thermal collectors. A thoroughly validated computational model that couples a realistic building energy load profile, the solar collector and climate data with the pile heat exchanger was used. Two pile design thermal load settings (peak heating load: 0.4 tons/pile and 0.5 tons/pile) and four normalized solar collector sizes (1.0 m 2 /pile, 2.0 m 2 /pile, 3.0 m 2 /pile, and 3.5 m 2 /pile) were considered. Three system operating modes for the solar-assisted ground source heat pump system were conceptualized and evaluated to determine the most appropriate. Results indicate that the solar-assisted ground source heat pump system performance is best when the system operating mode, which diverts the solar thermal energy based on the heat pump operating mode (heating or cooling) rather than directly sending it to the heat pump, is used. Long-term performance results show that solar thermal integration reduces ground thermal imbalance from −0.27 K/year to a thermally balanced condition (∼0.01 K/year). Moreover, the overall heat pump performance improves by 6.7–19.7%, depending on the system configuration. Furthermore, the system with 3.5 m 2 /pile and a pile design thermal load of 0.4 tons/pile produces all the energy required to run the heat pump and a net energy surplus of 3.7 MWh, equivalent to 9.4% of the heat pump’s energy consumption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".