Relationship Between Depression and Decreased Activity Level and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and/or Atrial Fibrillation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The interdependence between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2), atrial fibrillation (AF), and cognitive decline (CD)/dementia is a debated topic. In this study, we highlighted the influence of DM-2 and FA individually and in association on the severity of CD/dementia. Methods: This study comprises 248 patients with very high cardiovascular risk (VHCVR) according to Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2), of whom 184 had DM-2 and/or AF, and 64 were age-matched controls (without DM-2/AF), admitted to the Municipal Hospital Timisoara. Results: Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Activities of Daily Living Score (ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Score (IADL) were significantly decreased, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) increased in patients with DM-2 and AF in comparison to controls (p < 0.05), with the subjects with DM-2 and AF having more severe CD compared to those with only one of these two pathologies. The logistic regression model showed that the risk of CD (MMSE < 27) or dementia (MMSE < 24) increased significantly in patients with DM-2 and/or AF depending on the SCORE2 values, ADL, and GDS-15. In DM-2 and/or AF patients, an increase of 1% in SCORE2 was associated with an elevation of 2.40% in the odds of CD and of 4.30% of dementia. In these patients, depression (GDS score) increased the risk of CD by 36.3%, and if ADL improved, the risk of CD decreased by 44.0%. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a direct association between CD, DM-2, and AF with SCORE2, cognitive parameters, ADL, and depression. In patients with DM-2 and/or AF, it is important to identify subclinical CD to prevent the evolution to dementia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".