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Record W4406464166 · doi:10.4324/9781003501756-15

Regional Blocs, Economic Forums and Security Alliances

2025· book-chapter· en· W4406464166 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicAsian Industrial and Economic Development
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBusinessPolitical scienceInternational trade

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The European Union was created as a result of post-war cooperation in Europe to ensure peace, prosperity and stability on the continent. World War II left Europe with millions of civilian casualties, a devastated economy and weak security. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was formed in 1949 by the United States, Canada and several Western European nations as a defensive alliance against the perceived threat of the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II. The United States promoted European economic recovery through the Marshall Plan, fostering integration and shared interests necessary for a unified defence strategy. The Group of Seven (G7) is an informal forum of seven advanced democracies: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. It meets annually to address global issues like economic policy, security and energy. The European Union also participates as a full member. OPEC, the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, was founded in 1960 to create stability in the global oil markets and coordinate policies between its member nations. It originally consisted of five founding members, but now includes 13 oil-producing countries. The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an independent international organisation committed to improving the state of the world. As stated in its mission, it, “engages business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.” The Forum was first conceived in 1971 when a group of European business leaders met in the ski town of Davos, Switzerland, to consider the major global issues of the day and to brainstorm on solutions to address these challenges. The term BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) was coined in the early 2000s to describe fast-growing emerging economies. This grouping formalised in 2006, and the first BRIC summit was held in Russia in 2009. South Africa joined in 2010, expanding the group to its current BRICS configuration. ASEAN was founded on August 8, 1967, in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration). The original founding members were Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Today, ASEAN has expanded to include Brunei Darussalam, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Cambodia—totalling ten member states. The QUAD is a strategic forum involving the United States, India, Japan and Australia. It focuses on cooperation in areas such as security, economics, technology and climate. Originally formed in 2007 with a focus on maritime security, the QUAD was revived in 2017 in response to China&s;s growing assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. AUKUS is a trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, announced in September 2021. Its primary aim is to strengthen the security and defence capabilities of the members in response to the shifting strategic landscape in the Indo-Pacific region. The IMF and World Bank, often collectively called the “Bretton Woods” institutions, were created in 1944 and work closely on issues affecting both global economic stability and development. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 38 member countries. Founded in 1961, it originated from the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), which was formed to help administer the Marshall Plan following World War II. Headquarters: Paris, France. The World Health Organisation is a specialised agency of the United Nations, serving as the leading international authority on global health matters. Founded in 1948, it has 194 member states. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.624
Threshold uncertainty score0.996

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.037
GPT teacher head0.265
Teacher spread0.228 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreOther

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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