Superbly Bright Tin‐Based Perovskite LEDs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Tin (Sn)‐based perovskites have made notable advances with external quantum efficiency of over 20%, but still exhibit low electroluminescence brightness insufficient for outdoor displays. Here, it is demonstrated that compact phenethylammonium tin iodide (PEA 2 SnI 4 ) films with an intact crystal structure can offer high luminance by optimizing the perovskite crystallization rate simultaneously with engineering the grain surface. Ammonium thiocyanate is added to the precursor solution to generate the film with PEA 2 SnI x SCN 4‐ x and NH 4 I after spin‐coating. Sn 2+ and SCN − have a strong interaction that slows crystallization to improve PEA 2 SnI 4 crystal quality. During the subsequent annealing, I − from NH 4 I replaces SCN − in PEA 2 SnI x SCN 4‐ x by forming thiourea, which can escape from the film to leave intact PEA 2 SnI 4 crystals. It is found that the optimized PEA 2 SnI 4 emitting layers can provide outstanding film coverage, high crystallinity, low trap state density, and superior photophysical performance. Consequently, an impressive brightness of 8285 cd m −2 for pure red electroluminescence is achieved, the first report of Sn‐based perovskite light‐emitting diodes that meet outdoor display requirements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".