Lattice distortion in nanocrystalline Fe powder studied by positron annihilation and X-ray diffraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
X-ray diffraction and positron annihilation measurements were performed on the ball-milled nanocrystalline Fe powder over a wide range of crystallite sizes (9–90 nm). With increasing milling time, the crystallite size reduction was accompanied by a monotonic increase of the lattice parameter of Fe (i.e. lattice expansion). The positron lifetime increased significantly due to enhanced positron annihilation from the defects (excess vacancies, vacancy-clusters, etc.) generated at the Fe grain boundaries and intercrystalline regions with progressive milling up to 24 h (crystallite size ∼ 12 nm). The observed lattice expansion has been successfully simulated using a theoretical model taking account of the excess free volume associated with the excess vacancies/vacancy-clusters at the grain boundaries in nanocrystalline Fe. Prolonged ball milling up to 36 h (crystallite size < 10 nm) led to an anomalous decrease of all positron lifetime parameters. The X-ray diffraction line profiles of ball-milled Fe powder exhibited anisotropic broadening due to the high density of dislocations in Fe. Milling duration ≥ 24 h further led to asymmetric broadening of Fe diffraction peaks indicating heterogeneous dislocation structure in the severely plastically deformed ball-milled Fe. Further analysis of asymmetrically broadened peak reflections revealed deformation induced tetragonal distortion of body centered cubic Fe lattice in the 36 h ball-milled Fe powder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".