Awareness of prostate cancer and its screening tests in men in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health issue characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate gland primarily affecting men 50 years old or older. The aim of this research was to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes of men in the Middle East towards PCa. A comprehensive search strategy in major databases from the date of first publication on this topic to April 2024 was conducted of cross-sectional studies assessing the knowledge and attitudes of adult men in the Middle East toward PCa. Data on the study's methodology, participant characteristics, and outcomes related to the knowledge of PCa and attitudes towards PCa were extracted and analyzed using the comprehensive meta-analysis software. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. The meta-analysis of 26 studies revealed significant heterogeneity among studies, with an overall rate of previous education on PCa at 76.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 61.2%- 86.8%), but a much lower rate of education on PCa screening at 20.5% (95% CI: 7.2%-46.2%). Knowledge of PCa, its screening tools, symptoms, risk factors, and treatments, as well as attitudes towards PCa screening, varied widely, with knowledge rates of 50.5% for PCa, 32.3% for screening tools, 45.5% for symptoms, 49.4% for risk factors, and 58.4% for treatments. The rate of favorable attitude towards PCa screening was reported at 50.0% (95% CI: 36.7%-63.3%). The Middle East has some understanding of PCa but there is little knowledge of screening techniques, symptoms, risk factors, and treatments. To improve early detection and patient outcomes, comprehensive education and culturally sensitive communication strategies are necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.016 | 0.030 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".