Documenting genetic variance for an extended phenotype of the gallmaker Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch, 1855) (Diptera: Tephritidae): A selection experiment in the field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant galls are thought to evolve under natural selection as extended phenotypes of the insects that induce them. An evolutionary response to selection requires that the phenotypic variance in the selected trait be caused by underlying heritable genetic variance. We used a one-generation artificial selection experiment to verify heritable variation in the size of the gall induced by the tephritid Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch, 1855) on the stems of tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae). Previous work under greenhouse conditions demonstrated that gall size is a heritable trait of species of Eurosta Loew, 1873, but two questions remain. Foremost, is the genetic signal that is evident in a uniform, controlled environment still detectable in heterogenous natural environments? And secondarily, since galls initiated later in the season are known to grow to a smaller size, is genetic variance in gall size attributable to genetic variance in Eurosta phenology? We imposed upward and downward selection on size by populating isolated goldenrod patches with parental flies emerging from either large diameter (> 24 mm) or small diameter (< 17 mm) or galls. Galls produced by the offspring in upward-selected patches were ∼19% larger than those in downward sites. While gall size declined with later initiation dates, there was no evidence that the upward- and downward-selected sites varied in either oviposition date or gall initiation date; thus, genetic variance in gall size is not rooted in genetic variance for phenology. Our results support the notion that while the gall is plant tissue, it develops under the influence of the insect's genotype, and thus can evolve as the gallmaker's extended phenotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".