Effect of Intravenous Paracetamol on Postoperative Recovery in Children Undergoing Hypospadias Repair under General Anaesthesia with Caudal Block: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of perioperative intravenous (IV) paracetamol, administered with caudal ropivacaine on the quality of postoperative recovery in children undergoing hypospadias repair. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Place and Duration of the Study: The operating room, post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU), and paediatric surgical ward at the Aga Khan University Hospital, from 31st January 2019 to 1st May 2022. METHODOLOGY: Children aged 3-10 years undergoing hypospadias repair were randomly divided into two groups. Group P was administered IV paracetamol 15 mg/kg an hour before the completion of the repair procedure. Group C received a placebo instead of paracetamol. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) was measured at 15 and 30 minutes, and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postoperatively. The sedation score was documented for four hours postoperatively. RESULTS: Out of total 59 children included in the analysis, 55% (n = 16) in the Group P and 45% (n = 13) in the Group C needed additional analgesia within the first six hours post-procedure. No significant variations were observed between the groups' CHEOPS scores and sedation levels. CONCLUSION: The addition of perioperative intravenous paracetamol 15 mg/kg in combination with 0.25% ropivacaine through the caudal route, along with general anaesthesia, did not significantly affect the quality of postoperative recovery in children measured by pain score and sedation. KEY WORDS: Intravenous paracetamol, Caudal analgesia, Ropivacaine, Paediatric patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".