Enhancing energy performance of glazing systems using solid-solid phase change materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, the implementation of decarbonization measures in response to global warming has brought significant attention to the building sector, recognizing it as a major contributor to CO 2 emissions. This study explores the unique combination of solid-solid phase change material (SSPCM) in double-glazed window (DGW) subjected to different climates, offering a novel approach to enhancing energy efficiency of glazing system, thus Building envelope. To assess the system’s energy performance, numerical simulations were performed across a range of temperature conditions. These have included extreme temperatures of the hottest and coldest days of the year, as well as different weather patterns such as sunny and cloudy days in the cities of Montreal, Vancouver, and Miami. The obtained results demonstrated that during summer sunny conditions, energy savings were achieved in both Montreal (17.5%) and Vancouver (23.5%), while Miami experienced energy losses (5.3%). On summer cloudy days, energy savings were observed exclusively in Vancouver (53.6%), whereas energy losses occurred in both Montreal (356%) and Miami (36.3%). Under winter sunny conditions, all cities showed energy losses due to the SSPCM blocking beneficial direct solar radiation during the daytime (Montreal: 18.8%, Vancouver: 3.1%, and Miami: 270%). Conversely, during winter cloudy conditions, energy savings were noted in all cities, as the SSPCM helped retain warm indoor air (Montreal: 7.0%, Vancouver: 12.4%, and Miami: 26.2%). The results revealed that complete visual transparency can be achieved during office hours, enhancing the suitability of the proposed glazing system for commercial applications. These findings can help in designing energy-efficient glazing systems subjected to various climatic conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".