Sex differences in ventricular-vascular interactions associated with aerobic capacity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Aerobic capacity measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is related to functional capacity and is a strong independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality. Sex-specific cardiac and vascular responses to endurance training have been observed, however, their relative contributions to VO2max are less understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex-specific ventricular-vascular interactions associated with VO2max in healthy males and females. Methods Sixty-eight males and females (38% females, 35 ± 10y) characterised as recreational exercisers to highly trained endurance athletes, and free of chronic disease underwent a cycle ergometer to assess VO2max. Resting arterial compliance and echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular (LV) structure and function were measured and indexed to body surface area. Results VO2max was similar between groups (54 ± 6 vs. 50 ± 7 ml/kg/min, p = 0.049). Indexed LV mass (LVMi) was higher (96 ± 15 vs. 81 ± 11, p = 0.001) in males versus females, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed two models that were significantly associated with VO2max in males and females. In males, the two models included (1) longitudinal diastolic strain rate and LVMi (r2 = 0.31, p = 0.003) and (2) indexed end-diastolic volume (EDVi) and longitudinal diastolic strain rate (r2 = 0.34, p < 0.001). In females, the linear regression models included (1) LVMi, large arterial compliance, longitudinal systolic strain rate, and age (r2 = 0.69, p < 0.001) and (2) EDVi, large arterial compliance, longitudinal systolic strain rate, and age (r2 = 0.52, p = 0.003). Conclusion These findings reveal that while in both sexes, LVMi and LVEDVi are associated with VO2max, arterial compliance was also found to contribute to the variance in VO2 max in females, but not in males. Further, ventricular relaxation was a significant factor in aerobic capacity in males, while in females ventricular contraction was a significant factor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".