Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Multi-site sampling and the collection of environmental and clinical metadata is essential for AMR surveillance. • Houseflies are abundant in hospitals in LMICs with tropical climates and they carry a range of antibiotic resistant bacteria. • Phenotypic analysis showed that many isolates recovered from houseflies were multi-drug resistant. • Genotypic analysis identified carbapenemase genes present on mobilisible plasmids in bacteria isolated from flies. • Further mechanistic studies are required to understand the burden of AMR attributable to insect pests on hospital wards. The dissemination of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria by flies in hospitals is concerning as nosocomial AMR infections pose a significant threat to public health. This threat is compounded in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by several factors, including limited resources for sufficient infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and high numbers of flies in tropical climates. In this pilot study, 1,396 flies were collected between August and September 2022 from eight tertiary care hospitals in six cities (Abuja, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano, Lagos and Sokoto) in Nigeria. Flies were screened via microbiological culture and bacterial isolates were phenotypically and genetically characterised to determine carriage of clinically important antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Several clinically relevant ARGs were found in bacteria isolated from flies across all hospitals. bla NDM was detected in 8% of flies and was predominantly carried by Providencia spp . alongside clinically relevant Enterobacter spp , Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, which all exhibited a multidrug resistant phenotype. mecA was detected at a prevalence of 6.4%, mostly in coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) as well as some Staphylococcus aureus , of which 86.8% were multidrug resistant. 40% of flies carried bacteria with at least one of the two ESBL genes tested ( bla OXA -1 and bla CTX-M−15 ). This multi-site study emphasised that flies in hospital settings carry bacteria that are resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics, including both routinely used and reserve antibiotics. A greater understanding of the global clinical significance and burden of AMR attributable to insect pests is required.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it