Bibliographic record
Abstract
WHEN 1812 ended, Alexander had determined to march from Russia towards the west in order to destroy Napoleon’s power over eastern Europe. The role of champion of the Christian world against its enslaver was great enough to fire the impressionable Tsar, while the chance of enormous conquests might well sway Catherine’s grandson. At the moment, however, a balanced calculation yielded dubious results. The Grand Army, indeed, had been destroyed, and with it those devoted Polish, German and Italian soldiers who, in their several countries, formed the main pillars of Napoleon’s power. But Napoleon still held the fortresses: the sovereigns were still nominally his allies: his Viceroy was assembling a considerable force at Posen: he himself was hurrying into existence a vast host which he like none other could inspire and use. The Russians, on the other hand, had shown little capacity in the field, and no new Suvorov had arisen. Ill-trained and ill-found, they must march through regions inhabited by their bitterest enemies, the Warsaw Poles. Alexander’s friends of 1812, moreover, were all confronted with a novel situation. Against Britain the United States had lately launched a war. She must send troops to Canada and meet a formidable series of attacks by sea. In the Peninsula her success had proved evanescent. With Napoleon and Joseph once again in Paris and Madrid, Wellington’s campaign of 1813 might be fought for nothing greater than the doorway into Portugal. The Spanish rebels, moreover, had proclaimed themselves upholders of everything most abhorrent to a Russian Tsar. Early in 1812, the extraordinary Cortes of Cadiz, while maintaining Catholicism, claimed sovereignty for the nation, limited the monarchy, confiscated the Church lands, freed the press and established a social and legal order in accordance with the Revolution. At that very time Alexander drove from office Speransky, the greatest of Russian ministers, who was tainted with similar ideas. On the Oder as on the Ebro, a crusade against Napoleon might involve alliance with the Revolution. There remained Sweden, which was secretly Russia’s ally, and the Turks, whose behaviour must influence Austria and Russia. Of the former it was hardly possible to be sure of more than that Bernadotte’s hopes of Norway would influence her course of action. To the Turks the Peace of Bucharest had given an opportunity to reduce Serbia to obedience and this they did. If Alexander were at death-grips with Napoleon, trouble might easily arise upon the Danube. Only the moderation shown at Bucharest prevented this from being almost certain. The Chances in 1813
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".