Healthcare resource utilization and costs of using cariprazine as the first versus subsequent adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim Inadequate response to antidepressant therapy (ADT) is common in major depressive disorder (MDD); atypical antipsychotic (AA) adjunctive therapy may be effective for these patients. This study aimed to compare healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs between patients initiating the AA cariprazine as their first adjunctive therapy vs those initiating cariprazine subsequently.Methods The MerativeTM MarketScan® Commercial Database (January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2021) was used to identify US adults with MDD and ≥1 pharmacy claim for cariprazine adjunctive to ADT in 2018 or after. Rates of mental health (MH)‑related and all‑cause HRU per patient-year (PPY) and mean healthcare costs per-patient-per-year (PPPY) were assessed after patients first initiated adjunctive therapy. HRU and costs were compared between cohorts using rate ratios (RRs) and mean cost differences, respectively, estimated from multivariable regression models.Results Of 838 patients receiving cariprazine, 44.7% initiated cariprazine as their first adjunctive therapy to ADT, and 55.3% initiated it subsequently. Those initiating cariprazine first had significantly lower rates of MH‑related hospitalizations (RR [95% confidence interval] = 0.55 [0.30, 0.90], P = 0.020) and outpatient (OP) visits (0.67 [0.57, 0.82], P < 0.001) PPY than those initiating cariprazine subsequently. Moreover, patients initiating cariprazine as their first adjunctive therapy had lower annual total MH‑related healthcare costs (mean cost difference [95% confidence interval] -$2,182 [-$4,206, -$69], P = 0.040), driven primarily by lower OP visit costs (-$1,511 [-$2,330, -$615], P < 0.001). Similar trends were observed for all-cause HRU and costs.Limitations This was a retrospective analysis of secondary data with limited follow-up. Claims were a proxy for cariprazine use.Conclusions Results from this real‑world study of commercially insured US adults suggest that initiating cariprazine as the first adjunctive therapy rather than a subsequent therapy could help mitigate the considerable economic burden of MDD for appropriate patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".