Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from Russula vinosa lindblad extracted using KOH
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Russula vinosa Lindblad ( R. vinosa Lindblad) is a nutrient-rich wild edible fungus, abundant in carbohydrates. In this study, two polysaccharides ( Russula polysaccharides extracted from 1% KOH (RP-1) and Russula polysaccharides extracted from 5% KOH (RP-5)) were extracted from Russula fruit bodies using KOH-graded extraction technology. The molecular weights of RP-1 and RP-5 were 187 000 and 97 300 u, respectively. Their glycosyl compositions (galactose꞉glucose꞉xylose꞉ mannose, i.e., Gal꞉Glu꞉Xyl꞉Man) were 0.27:1.00:0.01:0.16 for RP-1 and 0.12:1.00:0.03:0.19 for RP-5. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that the main structural component of RP-1 was →3,6)- β - d -Glu p -(1→, with a →6)- β - d -Glu p -(1→ residue linked at sites 1 and 6, and a →3)- β - d -Glu p -(1→ residue linked at sites 3. The RP-5 shared this structure with an additional →4)- β - d -Man p -(1→ residue attached to the →3)- β - d -Glu p -(1→. Phagocytosis assay demonstrated that RP-5, with a lower molecular weight, lower galactose content, and higher xylose and mannose content, enhanced RAW 264.7 cell phagocytic activity by 121.04%, outperforming RP-1, which showed a 42.15% increase at the same concentration of 600 μg/mL. Furthermore, both RP-1 and RP-5 reduced the release of inflammatory factors and induced the nuclear translocation of the nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. This study provided insights into the structural characteristics and immunomodulatory properties of Russula polysaccharides, offering potential for further applications in bioactive compound development.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".