Glucose Lowering through Weight management (GLoW): a randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost effectiveness of a diabetes education and behavioural weight management programme vs a diabetes education programme in adults with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aims/hypothesis UK standard care for type 2 diabetes is structured diabetes education, with no effects on HbA1c, small, short-term effects on weight and low uptake. We evaluated whether remotely delivered tailored diabetes education combined with commercial behavioural weight management is cost-effective compared with current standard care in helping people with type 2 diabetes to lower their blood glucose, lose weight, achieve remission and improve cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We conducted a pragmatic, randomised, parallel two-group trial. Participants were adults (≥18 years) with overweight or obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2) and recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (≤3 years), recruited from 159 primary care practices in England. We randomised participants to a tailored diabetes education and behavioural weight management programme (DEW; delivered by Weight Watchers) or to current standard care diabetes education (DE; Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed [DESMOND] programme), using a computer-generated randomisation sequence in a 1:1 allocation stratified by gender and diabetes duration, unknown to those collecting and analysing the data. Participants could not be blinded due to the nature of the interventions. Participants completed assessments at 0, 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was 12 month change from baseline in HbA1c. We also assessed bodyweight, blood pressure, cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), glucose-lowering medication, behavioural measures (physical activity, food intake), psychosocial measures (eating behaviour, diabetes-related quality of life, wellbeing) and within-trial and modelled lifetime cost effectiveness. Results We randomised 577 participants (DEW: 289, DE: 288); 398 (69%) completed 12 month follow-up. We found no evidence for an intervention effect on change in HbA1c from baseline to 12 months (difference: −0.84 [95% CI −2.99, 1.31] mmol/mol, p=0.44) or 6 months (−1.83 [−4.05, 0.40] mmol/mol). We found an intervention effect on weight at 6 (−1.77 [−2.86, −0.67] kg) and 12 months (−1.38 [−2.56, −0.19] kg). Participants in DEW had a higher likelihood of achieving diabetes remission than participants in DE (6 months: RR 2.10 [95% CI 1.03, 4.47]; 12 months: RR 2.53 [1.30, 5.16]). DEW was cost-effective compared with DE in within-trial and lifetime analyses, in the latter generating an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £2290 per quality-adjusted life year gained. Conclusions/interpretation A commercial behavioural weight management programme combined with remote dietary counselling after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes did not improve HbA1c up to 12 months post intervention in this trial. The intervention could help people achieve weight loss and be cost-effective compared with current standard National Health Service care. Trial registration ISRCTN 18399564 Funding National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR; RP-PG-0216-20010), Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00006/6), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203312). Graphical Abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".