Knowledge and Awareness About the Basics of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Saudi Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, accounting for approximately 17 million deaths annually, with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as a significant contributor to this alarming statistic. SCA, the abrupt loss of heart function, is a critical medical emergency that requires early recognition and immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the effective resuscitation of victims. Various studies have shown a low level of knowledge regarding CPR in the community. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of CPR among the Saudi population, identify gaps, and propose targeted health interventions, including education campaigns and training programs, to enhance community preparedness in emergencies and improve survival rates for SCA victims. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from May 2023 to November 2023. The study population included citizens and residents aged 18 years and older from the Central, Eastern, and Western regions of Saudi Arabia to ensure a diverse range of cultural and social backgrounds, with a sample size of 4,932 participants. Data were collected using an online, validated, closed-ended, structured questionnaire distributed via social media platforms, specifically WhatsApp and Telegram. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Counts and percentages were used to summarize categorical variables. The chi-square test of independence was used to assess associations between categorical variables. The unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare continuous normal and non-normal variables. Results A total of 4932 respondents completed the questionnaire. The gender distribution was predominantly female (76.5%, n = 3775), compared to 23.5% (n = 1157) males. The age distribution was skewed toward the younger population, with 59.1% (n = 2914) aged between 18 and 30 years. The educational level was predominantly university-level (68.8%, n = 3391). The academic specialization was diverse, with the largest group being healthcare practitioners (47.1%, n = 1615). The study found that 44.7% (n = 2203) of respondents had received basic life support (BLS) or first aid training, while 55.3% (n = 2729) had not. Results suggest a trend toward higher knowledge levels. The average knowledge score among the respondents was 7.17 ± 2.37, indicating that respondents answered slightly more than half of the questions correctly. The minimum score in the dataset was 1, suggesting that nearly all respondents had some level of correct answers. The maximum score achieved is 13, indicating the presence of individuals with a comprehensive understanding of the assessed topic. However, there is still room for improvement in knowledge and emergency preparedness among the surveyed group. Conclusion The study found a relatively high level of knowledge and awareness regarding CPR effectiveness, with higher levels observed among individuals with advanced education and health-related academic backgrounds. Additionally, completion of BLS or first aid training was positively correlated with increased CPR knowledge. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating CPR training into educational curricula and public health programs to enhance awareness and improve bystander response and survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".