Relating the Salt Thermodynamic Factor to Solvent Activities in Ternary Multi-Solvent Electrolytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The activities of individual solvent species in multi-solvent ternary liquid electrolytes dictate liquid-solid equilibria and are pertinent to transport phenomena. Nonetheless, considerable scholarship has assumed that such electrolytes can be modeled as single-solvent electrolytes. Relaxing this assumption, we show in the present work that knowledge of the activity of ionic species, described by the salt thermodynamic factor and the transfer activity coefficients at infinite dilution, is sufficient to calculate activity changes of individual solvent species for ternary multi-solvent electrolytes. We also propose measurements of an individual solvent species activity as a method to study (ionic) solvent transfer energies. We apply the derived relationships to the well-characterized liquid electrolyte system LiCl in H 2 O-EtOH. We also study a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, LiPF 6 in EC-EMC, which is important for lithium-ion battery technology. For the latter, we show that in the studied composition space there are non-negligible transfer activity coefficients, highlighting the importance of a multisolvent description of the ternary electrolytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".