Evaluation of conditioning temperature and retention time on Enterococcus faecium inactivation, vitamin stability, metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonella is a pathogen that can enter the poultry supply chain if feed is manufactured using contaminated ingredients. Hygienisers have emerged as a viable strategy for reducing pathogen levels by extending the retention time of feed during conditioning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of conditioning temperature (75, 85, and 95°C) and retention time (15, 95, 175, and 255 s) on the inactivation of feed Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium ( E. faecium ) and vitamin stability in Experiment 1, and true metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (TME n ) and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, fifty cecectomized roosters were fasted for 30 h before being precision-fed 35 g of a control mash diet without thermal processing, or feed conditioned at 75°C for 95 s, 85°C for 175 s, and 95°C for 255 s. E. faecium levels decreased at all conditioning temperatures and retention times, with the highest reductions at conditioning temperatures of 85 and 95°C with retention times of 15, 95, 175, and 255 s (> 5-log CFU/g). The stability of fat-soluble vitamins decreased as retention time increased. In contrast, water-soluble vitamins were stable under varying conditioning temperatures and retention times. Diets conditioned at 75°C and retained for 95 s had 81 kcal/kg higher TME n compared to the control mash diet. Conditioning temperature and retention time did not influence TAAD. Overall, the manipulation of conditioning temperature and retention time can be a viable strategy to mitigate microbial load in feed and increase TME n , without negatively affecting AA digestibility and water-soluble vitamin stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".