Primary Carcinomas of the Episiotomy Scar Site: A Systematic Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Episiotomy is a perineal incision enlarging the vaginal opening during labor, preventing severe perineal/vaginal/ano-rectal lacerations. We performed a systematic literature review (PRISMA guidelines; Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases) of primary malignant tumors arising from the episiotomy site. Thirteen primary carcinomas were reported, mainly endometriosis-related histotypes (77%) (nine clear cell, CCC; one endometrioid, EC) with only two vulvar invasive squamous cell carcinomas and one adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin's gland. No sarcomas, melanomas or malignant trophoblastic tumors were described. Endometriosis was associated with tumors or reported in history (62%). Malignant transformation occurred 3 to 27 (mean 16) years after diagnosis of endometriosis. Patients were usually post-/peri-menopausal (eight cases, 61%) (age range: 31-70 years, mean 50). Imaging should exclude distant (0% in our series) or lymph node metastases (three cases, 23%), looking for potential invasion of vagina (five cases, 39%), anus (including sphincter) (four cases, 31%) and/or other deep pelvic soft tissues (five cases, 39%). All patients underwent surgery, except for a CCC-patient (only chemoradiation) subsequently progressing and dying of disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were administered to five (39%) cases, neoadjuvant therapy to four cases (31%). Globally, three (23%) cases recurred or progressed, and two-thirds (15%) died of disease (1 CCC, 1 EC). Radical surgery with lymph node status evaluation and eventual excision should be performed when possible. Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy can be considered in an adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant setting (or as only treatment in inoperable patients). However, the role of different treatments should be studied in further larger multicenter series.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.015 | 0.016 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".