Vocal characteristics of distress and reproductive vocalizations in North American wapiti
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Variation in the vocal behavior of nonhuman vertebrates includes graded transitions and more dramatic changes. Wapiti males produce a reproductive bugle that has a fundamental frequency that surpasses 2,000 Hz with evidence of biphonation and other nonlinear phenomena. Here, we analyze the acoustic structure of captive wapiti vocalizations to compare the male bugle with 3 categories of distress vocalizations: neonate distress (capture) calls, calf isolation calls, and adult female isolation calls. These 4 high-arousal call categories serve a common general function in recruiting conspecifics but occur in different behavioral contexts (capture, isolation, reproduction). Our goal was to distinguish characteristics that vary in graded steps that may correspond to an animal's age or size from characteristics that are unique to the bugle. Characteristics of the high and loud fundamental (G0) varied in an age/size-graded manner with a decrease in minimum G0, an increase in the maximum and range of G0, with no evidence of sex differences. The nonlinear phenomena of deterministic chaos, biphonation, and frequency jumps were present in all 4 call categories and became more common from the distress vocalizations of neonates to calves to adult females to the male bugle. Two temporal characteristics sharply distinguished the bugle from the 3 categories of distress vocalizations: these included a prolonged call duration and a maximum G0 that occurred much later in the call for the bugle than for distress vocalizations. Our results suggest that distress vocalizations of different age groups and the reproductive bugle of wapiti share a high G0, with age/size-graded changes in G0 and nonlinear phenomena, but differ sharply in temporal characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".