The subtracted-kappa distribution and its properties
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We introduce a new particle distribution function in plasma physics called the subtracted-kappa (S-K) distribution. This new distribution incorporates a loss-cone feature and an enhanced high-energy tail characterized by the spectral index κ. The S-K distribution is a generalization of the well-known subtracted-Maxwellian and approaches the latter distribution in the limit as κ→∞. Further, the S-K distribution usefully includes the bi-kappa and kappa-loss-cone distributions as special cases. Two sources of free plasma energy are provided by the S-K distribution, namely, the loss cone property and the thermal anisotropy. Both free energy sources can excite wave growth. In this paper, we briefly consider the influence of the S-K distribution on three wave phenomena: (a) linear growth of whistler-mode waves generated by an injection of hot electrons into a cold plasma, (b) dispersion of R-mode and L-mode electromagnetic waves in a hot plasma, and (c) transition from linear to nonlinear growth of electromagnetic waves as determined by a critical boundary in the input-parameter space. There are many possibilities for future projects involving the S-K distribution. Charged particle distributions in space typically possess a pronounced high-energy tail that can be modeled approximately by a kappa distribution, and so the S-K distribution is an ideal tool for analyzing kinetic waves and microinstabilities in space plasmas.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it