Double Fortified Salt Containing Iodine and Folic Acid and Triple Fortified Salt Containing Iodine, Folic Acid, and Vitamin <scp>B<sub>12</sub></scp> Are Acceptable to Ethiopian Women of Reproductive Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recognizing the broader accessibility of iodized salt compared to wheat flour, the Ethiopian government is considering fortification of iodized salt with folic acid, and possibly vitamin B12, to address the high incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Ethiopia. To prepare for this program, we assessed practices related to edible salt procurement and consumption, and the acceptability of novel salts fortified with iodine and folic acid (double‐fortified salt, DFS) or iodine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 (triple‐fortified salt, TFS) compared to iodized salt (IS). We surveyed 840 women of reproductive age in urban (Addis Ababa) and rural (Gimbichu Woreda) areas to describe their salt preferences and practices and used a three‐point hedonic scale to evaluate the sensory acceptability of fine and coarse forms of DFS, TFS, and IS for color, taste, aroma, texture and overall acceptability. We found that women were the primary salt purchasers (72.8% rural, 97.4% urban) for household. Rural women preferred coarse salt (76.1%), whereas urban women preferred fine salt (42.4%) or both types (30.0%). All salts received favorable mean sensory ratings (≥ 2.1), with fine salt preferred for all sensory characteristics (p < 0.05). Fine IS (2.8 ± 0.5) was rated slightly higher than DFS (2.6 ± 0.8) and TFS (2.5 ± 0.8) (p < 0.05). Rural women were more willing to purchase DFS (79.2%) and TFS (73.0%) than urban women (65.0% DFS, 63.8% TFS). In conclusion, DFS and TFS are highly acceptable in Ethiopia, with women being the key target for their introduction. Mandatory fortification of both coarse and fine salts is recommended to maximize reach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".