Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of probable depression and anxiety symptoms in Mozambique: A secondary data analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is limited research at the national level in Mozambique that examines the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety. Therefore our study examined the prevalence and correlates of probable depression and anxiety symptoms among women and men in the country. We used the 2022-23 Mozambique Demographic and Health Survey, specifically drawing on some socio-demographic and mental health variables measured by PHQ-9 and GAD-7 and applied multivariate logistic regression analysis. Our findings revealed high levels of depression and anxiety, that is, 10% (95% CI = 9%-12%) and 11% (95% CI = 10%-12%), respectively, for women. Among women, those from the poorer (aOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.97; aOR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.91), middle (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.88, 0.81; aOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.83), richer (aOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41, 0.94; aOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.91) and richest households (aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.65; aOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.67) were all less likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Furthermore, the employed (aOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.80; aOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.83) had a reduced probability of indicating they had depression and anxiety, respectively. Among men, 2% (95% CI = 2%-3%) reported depression and anxiety. While men with secondary-level educational attainment (aOR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.19, 8.62) were more likely to report symptoms of depression, this was not the case for anxiety where those with no education (aOR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.78) and primary education (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.80) were all less likely to report anxiety disorders compared to their colleagues with the highest level of educational attainment. Finally, men in rural areas (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.74) relative to their urban counterparts were less likely to report depression although this was not significant for anxiety disorders. Mental health policy in Mozambique needs to pay critical attention to groups such as older age cohorts, the formerly married, Muslim women and people with lower socioeconomic status.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".