Protocol for evaluating the effects of integrating music with taekwondo training in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are known to experience difficulties in coordinating fine- and gross-motor movement. Previous interventional studies have reported significant effect of exercise-based intervention programs on improving motor skills and alleviating symptoms in ASD; however, researchers are yet to know why some participants experienced less improvement than others. One plausible explanation for suboptimal treatment outcomes is insufficient engagement in the exercise programs due to the children's difficulties in following instructions and performing the correct movements. In the proposed research, we will test the above speculation by manipulating the amount of music-therapy elements into a 10-week Taekwondo training program designed specifically for children with autism. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial. Seventy-two children aged 7 to 9 years who meet the diagnostic criteria of ASD will be recruited and randomized into either the "Taekwondo training with elements of music therapy" group or the "Taekwondo training alone" group. In both groups, the participating children will attend Taekwondo training sessions twice a week over 10 consecutive weeks. In the "Taekwondo training with elements of music therapy" group, elements of music therapy will be incorporated into the Taekwondo training. Assessment will be conducted before the program commences, immediately after the completion of the 10-week program, and 2 months after the post-test. The outcome domains to be evaluated include the immediate effects during the exercise sessions. These effects include the level of engagement in the exercise sessions (primary outcome), enjoyment, physical activity level, and rate of perceived exertion. Furthermore, the evaluation will also cover the overall effects of the training program on gross motor skills, Taekwondo skills performance, executive function, psychosocial functioning, and behavioral problems. DISCUSSION/FINDINGS: The findings of this study will inform strategies for the promotion of physical activity and engagement among children with ASD when participating in exercise training classes. The study will also suggest the importance of regular physical activity for the physical and mental well-being of children with ASD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06277778. Registered on 15 February 2024.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.026 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.013 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.062 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".