Environmental Protection or Domestic Protectionism? The EU Deforestation-Free Regulation and its Shift from Exporter to Importer of Foreign Capital
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The principle of environmental integration is part of the European Union’s (EU) Sustainable Development Strategy, which defines the bloc’s long-term vision for environmental protection. The development of comprehensive sustainability and environmental protection policies in the EU involves bilateral and regional agreements on investment and trade. Therefore, the negotiations on foreign investments within (intra-EU) and outside the EU (extra-EU) are defined by the evolving jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), in particular the Achmea , Micula and Komstroy cases, Opinions 1/17 and 1/20. The EU investment and trade landscape is gradually becoming a repository of foreign investments, especially from emerging countries, such as Brazil, China and India. As a consequence, the EU adopts investment regulations instead of bilateral agreements of foreign investment protection, distancing itself from the traditional model of investor-State arbitration dispute settlements. The EU’s adoption of mega agreements, particularly, the Canadian-EU agreement (CETA), establishes an elevated protection for the EU market. Although the European trend seems to aim at centralizing environmental and investment protection together, the treatment for investment reflects its repositioning as a recipient of foreign capital, changing its historical characteristic of capital exporter. When analyzing the EU’s provisions on investment, there are new measures to block trade and investment liberalization using the strategy of environmental protection, as seen in the EU 2023/1115 Deforestation-Free Regulation, as well as the continuous opposition to the Mercosur-EU agreement by some EU Members, and the regulation 2024/1252 for critical minerals for energy transition. This Chapter concludes that the EU uses the principle of integration and environmental protection to oppose bilateral and regional agreements, securing trade protectionism. This behavior is justified on the grounds that the Union becomes a capital importer and the sustainable measures are effective in hampering foreign capital and goods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".