Mitigating Karst Development in Soluble Rocks under Water Pressure Using Chemical Grouts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Karstification, a natural geological process occurring in soluble rocks such as gypsum and anhydrite, poses significant challenges to engineering structures, especially hydraulic ones, due to water infiltration under high pressure and velocity.Therefore, improving the stability of these rocks in water is crucial.This study investigates the impact of water pressure on accelerating dissolution and karstification in soluble rocks.Additionally, it explores methods to control karstification through the application of chemical grouting.The gypsum samples were collected from the Fatha Formation near the Mosul Dam.To simulate karstification, an axial hole was created in the center of gypsum samples, which were then exposed to hydraulic shear stress under various pressure conditions.To mitigate the karstification, two commercially available chemical grouts including polyurethane (PU) and a mixture of acrylic and cement (ARC) were applied to coat the soluble rocks.The study included experiments on both untreated and chemically coated (grouted) samples.The results demonstrated that gypsum solubility increased with rising water pressure, while both PU and ARC successfully inhibited further dissolution of the gypsum rock during the experiment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".