Neither wheat, nor barley: An appraisal of the functional variability of the grinding and pounding stones from Hasankeyf Höyük, a Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherer site on the upper Tigris
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• We analyze the grinding and pounding stones from Hasankeyf Höyük (Southwest Asia) • In this region, such tools are often considered as indicative of cereal exploitation. • Cereal remains are however scarce at the site. • Grinding and pounding stones function was investigated through use-wear analysis. • Results indicate multifunctional use including the processing of oily materials. Many researchers have suggested that grinding and pounding stones should be regarded as multi-functional tools. However, studies centered on the Neolithic of Southwest Asia often view such implements as related to cereal processing. This is most likely because the emergence and spread of agriculture, especially of cereal, is one of the most investigated topics in Southwest Asian Archaeology. In this context, sickle blades and grinding and pounding stones, are generally considered as evidence of cereal harvesting and processing. Hasankeyf Höyük is a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) site located in the Upper Tigris Basin in Southeastern Turkey. Hunter-fisher-gatherer villagers settled at the site, where a rich number of grinding and pounding tools have been found, yet cereals were rarely uncovered at the site. The main purpose of this study is to assess the function of the grinding and pounding tools through use-wear analysis. First, we describe our experimental reference collection of tools made of local limestone. Second, a comparison of the experimental tools use-wear with that of the artifacts reveals that the grinding and pounding tools from the site were multi-functional and used especially for processing oily materials such as meat, fish, nutlets and nuts. Our results indicate that grinding and pounding stones in the Tigris Valley during PPNA should not necessarily be discussed in the context of founder crop use.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".