Retrofit Strategies Using Braces for Pre-Northridge Steel Moment-Frame Buildings: An Analytical Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper focuses on retrofitting strategies for tall pre-Northridge steel moment-frame buildings with vulnerable beam-to-column moment connections. Ten retrofit schemes of a 20-story building, originally designed according to the 1994 UBC, are developed in accordance with ASCE-41 by upgrading the brittle beam-to-column moment-resisting connections, or adding conventional/buckling-restrained brace elements to the existing moment-frame bays. Using nonlinear pushover and time-history analyses under near-source ground motion records from past earthquakes and synthetic ground motion records from three large-magnitude scenario earthquakes, the retrofit schemes are compared against the baseline model. While the baseline model is a total loss in 1331 of the 4014 scenario earthquake analysis cases, the worst of the braced retrofit schemes experiences a total loss in fewer than a third of these cases (426), clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of adding braces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".