Retrofit Strategies Using Braces for Pre-Northridge Steel Moment-Frame Buildings: An Analytical Study
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper focuses on retrofitting strategies for tall pre-Northridge steel moment-frame buildings with vulnerable beam-to-column moment connections. Ten retrofit schemes of a 20-story building, originally designed according to the 1994 UBC, are developed in accordance with ASCE-41 by upgrading the brittle beam-to-column moment-resisting connections, or adding conventional/buckling-restrained brace elements to the existing moment-frame bays. Using nonlinear pushover and time-history analyses under near-source ground motion records from past earthquakes and synthetic ground motion records from three large-magnitude scenario earthquakes, the retrofit schemes are compared against the baseline model. While the baseline model is a total loss in 1331 of the 4014 scenario earthquake analysis cases, the worst of the braced retrofit schemes experiences a total loss in fewer than a third of these cases (426), clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of adding braces.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it