Current understanding and future perspectives on pathogen biology and management of potato and tomato late blight ( <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> ) in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic factors such as drought, pests, and diseases limit the quality and yield of potato and tomato worldwide. Late blight is caused by the itinerant oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the main cause of the Great Irish Famine in the mid-nineteenth century. In recent years, changes in the distribution of P. infestans strains have been observed worldwide, including in Canada. Genetic diversity of P. infestans populations has increased in Canada in recent decades and major shifts in genotypes have occurred over time. The shift in pathogen genotypes was often associated with their diversity in aggressiveness/virulence, pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity. The appearance of novel genotypes of P. infestans was also reported from several provinces of Canada; however, there is a need for further research to understand the mechanism of evolution of these novel strains and the impact of these strains on late blight management. In this manuscript, we offer an in-depth review of late blight in Canada, including pathogen identification and characterization tools, temporal genotypic diversity of P. infestans strains, the pathogen’s profile for fungicide sensitivity, and host–pathogen interactions. Furthermore, we critically review several management strategies in Canada, such as the use of host resistance, chemical treatments, imaging and forecasting technologies, cultural practices, and biological control methods for managing late blight. Lastly, we describe knowledge gaps and future perspectives for the effective management of late blight within the current global and technological context.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".