Target and Suspect Screening Reveal PFAS Exceeding European Union Guideline in Various Water Sources South of Lyon, France
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Lyon, a major hub for chemical industries in France, has been identified as a contamination hotspot of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Major chemical companies in the Pierre-Bénite area have used PFAS in the production of fluoropolymers and fluorotelomers, with effluents discharged into the Rhône River. This together with other contamination sources, such as firefighting foam use at a vicinal harbor oil depot, likely resulted in a complex PFAS signature. This study investigated PFAS contamination in various water sources in southern Lyon, including ponds, rivers, factory channels, wells, springs, and tap water. Out of 47 samples, 22 had a Σ 77 PFAS above 100 ng/L (maximum: ∼700 ng/L), and 67% of the tap water samples exceeded the European guideline of 100 ng/L for Σ 20 PFAS. Target PFAS profiles were dominated by perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (particularly C4 to C8), in agreement with their historical or current industrial usage. Suspect screening also revealed the occurrence of electrochemical fluorination precursors such as N-sulfopropyldimethylammoniopropyl perfluorohexanesulfonamido acetic acid (N-SPAmP-FHxSAA) and bistriflimide (used in the composition of ionic liquids). Certain fluorotelomers, including ESI+ (e.g., 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidopropyl betaine (6:2 FTAB)) and ESI- (e.g., 6:2 FTS, 6:2 FTSAS-sulfone) compounds, were more prevalent in surface water than in tap or groundwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".