Fruits Produce Branched-Chain Esters Primarily from Newly Synthesized Precursors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase (also known as acetolactate synthase), the common enzyme of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, were used as tools to discern the contribution of newly synthesized precursors (i.e., branched-chain amino acids and α-ketoacids) to branched-chain ester formation in ripening apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.), banana ( Musa spp.), and flowering quince ( Chaenomeles × superba ) fruits. After treatment, anteiso - and iso -branched-chain esters (i.e., those related to isoleucine, and valine and leucine, respectively) universally decreased in content by at least 90%. Among free amino acids, only the branched-chain amino acids, with correspondingly reduced branched-chain esters, had a lesser concentration following treatment with the inhibitor. Branched-chain ester production recovered after subsequent feeding with precursor compounds. Our results ultimately reject the hypothesis that anteiso - and iso -branched-chain esters of ripening fruits are primarily derived from preexisting sources and instead support the hypothesis that these esters are largely the product of de novo precursor biosynthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".